Best Blogs of Calibration and Instrumentation on Eurocaltech

Instrumentation Interview questions and answers Control systems

A control valve is a final control element that directly changes the valve of a manipulated variable by changing the rate of flow of control agent. It consists of an operator and valve body, with the operator providing power to vary the position of the valve plug inside the body. Common types of control valves include single-seated valves, double-seated valves, and actuators. The valve coefficient (CV) is defined as the number of gallons per minute of water passing through a fully open valve at a pressure drop of 1 psi.

Temperature Instrumentation questions and answers,Different methods of temperature measurement include mechanical and electrical methods. Mechanical methods involve mercury in glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, pressure spring thermometers, compensated thermometer systems, gas filled thermometers, and vacuum pressure thermometers. Mechanical methods involve mercury in glass thermometers, which expand when heated, while bimetallic thermometers use different metals with different coefficients of linear expansion. Pressure spring thermometers have four classes: liquid filled, vapor pressure, gas filled, and mercury filled. Electrical methods involve thermocouples, which are simple devices connected to a measuring instrument, providing accurate and sensitive temperature measurements.

Level calibration in the field involves closing primary isolation valves, draining liquid, and adjusting the zero to get 0% output. On interface level control, two liquids of different specific gravities are used. Wt. test calibration involves applying equivalent weights on the torque arm and adjusting zero % output. Suppression and elevation are used for level applications where transmitters are not mounted on the same level or condensable vapors are present. Leveltrol has limitations, as it cannot be used for lengths more than 72 inches. Enraf level gauges use servo-powered null-balance technique, with a displacer serving as a continuous level-sensing element.

Level measurement methods include direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include bob and tape, sight glass, Radar level transmitter repair,and pressure gauges. Indirect methods involve purge systems with regulated air supply and pressure gauges. These methods are suitable for open tank applications. Differential pressure meters balance out pressure in pressure vessels, allowing for accurate level measurements. These methods are essential for maintaining accurate levels in tanks.

Pressure measurement instrumentation involves the use of a pressure gauge, which is a device that measures the total pressure in a system. Primary elements used for measuring pressure include a Bourdon tube, a diaphragm, a capsule, a bellows, and pressure springs. The diaphragm is best suited for low-pressure measurement, while the capsules are made of phosphor bronze and Ni-spank stainless steel. The bellows are made from thin-walled tubing and are used for high pressure. Calibration of an absolute pressure transmitter using a vacuum manometer range 0-400mm abs involves connecting air supply to the transmitter, connecting a test gauge, and connecting a vacuum pump. An inclined manometer is used to extend the scale of the instrument. The pressure gauge works on Hooks law, measuring stress in an elastic medium.

Calibration of a D.P. transmitter involves adjusting zero, conducting static pressure tests, vacuum tests, and calibrating the instrument. Glycol is used for filling impulse lines on crude and viscous liquids. Different pressure flow transmitters are mounted below the orifice plate on liquid lines due to their self-draining properties.

The primary elements used for flow measurement include the Orifice Plate, Venturi tube, Pitot tube, Annubars, Emerson mass flow repair,Flow Nozzle, and Weir & Flumes. Different types of orifice plates include Concentric, Segmental, Eccentric, and Quadrant Edge. Concentric orifice plates are used for ideal liquid, gases, and steam service, while eccentric plates are used for solids, oil containing water, and wet steam. Segmental orifices are used for colloidal and slurry flow measurement, while Quadrant Edge orifices are common in Europe and are particularly useful for pipe sizes less than 2 inches.

The process variable includes flow, pressure, temperature, level, and quality. Flow is volume per unit of time at specified conditions, pressure is force acting per unit area, level is difference between two heights, temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body, and quality deals with analysis of PH, CO2, conductivity, and viscosity.

Flow varies directly as the square root of different pressure F = K square root of AP. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure the pen does not directly indicate flow. The flow can be determined by taking the square root of the pen. Say the pen reads 50% of chart.

Flow is the volume per unit of time at specified temperature and pressure conditions, measured by positive-displacement or rate meters. Pressure is the force acting per unit area. Level is the difference between two heights, measured in meters, mm, cm, inches, or percentage. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body, and quality deals with analysis of PH, % CO2, % 02, conductivity, and viscosity.

Accelerometers measure speed, direction, and movement of objects in various industries, including consumer electronics, automotive, sports, and healthcare wearables. Accurate measurements require regular calibration, posing risks.

Selecting the best gauge block calibration frequency is crucial for quality assurance. Factors like usage frequency, environmental conditions, industry requirements, and equipment's historical performance can influence the frequency. Calibration standards, established by international bodies like ISO and NIST, ensure consistent and reliable measurements. Increased frequency may be necessary for frequently used gage blocks due to potential wear and tear.

NIST/NPL calibration is mandatory for various industries, ensuring improved measurement precision, regulatory adherence, quality, and accuracy, with optimal gage block calibration frequency varying based on factors.

To ensure safety and accuracy when using torque wrenches, follow these best practices: achieve torque with just one click, be careful with fitting, use the Adjustment Lock, avoid making extensions, use caution when loosening, store the wrench properly, calibrate regularly, use correct settings, and clean threads.

EUROCALTECH uses a cutting-edge ellipsometer for semiconductor wafer thickness and step height analysis, using laser measurement and computer-controlled wavelength selection. It uses Xenon lamp, Si/InGaAs detectors, and AutoRetarderTM in a rotating analyzer setup.

Associated gas is natural gas produced with crude oil from the same reservoir. Appraisal wells are wells drilled to determine the size, reserve, and estimated production rate of an oil field. Treatment fluids are used to resolve specific wellbore conditions. Slurry is a mixture of suspended solids and liquids. Alkaline flooding is an oil recovery technique where an alkaline chemical reacts with the oil, forming surfactants inside the reservoir. Abrasive jetting is wellbore treatment using a fluid containing solid particles. Concepts like barrel, barrel of oil, BBL, BCF, BCM, BIT, BLOCK, BTU, Cementation, Clastic, Commercial Field, Completion, Compressor, Contingent Resources, Conventional Oil, Core and Coring, and Creaming Curve are used in oil and gas production. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a process using advanced techniques to increase oil recovery from oil reservoirs. It involves chemical flooding, miscible displacement, and thermal recovery. Fields, fish, fractures, fracturing, gas fields, gas injection, hot oiling, hydraulic disconnect, and running strings are used in EOR.

Drilling automation is crucial in the oil well construction process, enabling real-time decision-making and predictable results. Halliburton offers various drilling solutions, including the HalVue™ Real-Time Viewer, LOGIX® Autonomous Drilling Platform, iCruise® Intelligent Rotary Steerable System, GyroStar™ Gyro-While-Drilling Service, and GeoTech® Fixed Cutter Drill Bits. They also offer managed pressure drilling services, pipe recovery solutions, and cement systems and additives to ensure primary cement jobs in extreme conditions and increase uncontaminated mud return. Halliburton also offers casing solutions for various applications, including mature, unconventional, deepwater, and geothermal applications. These solutions help run and land casing to depth, ensure proper centralization, and achieve long-term zonal isolation.

When to replace a hydraulic hose in industrial systems is crucial. Identify signs of damage, oil leaks, corroded fittings, kinks, twists, and exposed wires. Replace hoses with exposed wiring and ensure proper care and wear.

Why Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Is ImportantHydrostatic pressure testing is a crucial process for observing the expansion rate and structural integrity of pressurized vessels, such as boilers, tubing, pipelines, and hydraulic hose systems. It is essential for industrial applications like fuel or chemical transportation, and should be performed every three to five years, depending on use and wear.

Tips for Preventing Corrosion in Hydraulic HosesReplace worn seals immediately to prevent rust in hydraulic hose systems. Conduct frequent maintenance inspections to catch leaks before they cause corrosion. Use additives like anti-wear hydraulic oil and rust inhibitors to prevent fluid breakdown and acid formation. Install breather filters in reservoirs to keep foreign particles and fluid contaminants free. Regularly replace filters to prevent corrosion.

What Are the Benefits of Quick Connect Couplings? Quick connect couplings are critical parts of hydraulic hose systems. Learn about quick connect couplings and their advantages over other fittings here.

Hydraulic hose cleaning is crucial for longevity and functionality, preventing corrosion and clogging. Three methods include air cleaning, fluid flushing, and projectile cleaning. Choose the best method for your hydraulic hose assembly.

Hose leaks can be caused by incompatible hoses and fittings, improper assembly, multi-plane bending, and external abrasions. Proper selection, testing, and double-checking are crucial for preventing leaks and ensuring proper hose deterioration.